Refusing Without “No”: The Way Lecturers Indicate Disagreement of Asian Efl Learners In Speaking Class

Niyan Wahyu Novalina, Slamet Setiawan, Ali Mustofa

Abstract


Refusal is a part of face threatening act which belong to one of politeness. Refusal is being phenomenon in language education especially in classroom. Learners often refuse lecturers’ instruction when they teach in the class. One of refusal strategies is disagreement which is a part of traditional politeness theories. In language teaching, not only learners but also lecturers also often disagree with the learners and the disagreement is also necessary for the learners. In this study, lecturers used linguistic markers to express disagreement in mitigating the face threatening. In Asian context, there were vary disagreements which were expressed by Asians. In this study, head movement and hand gesture is analyzed as disagreement of linguistic markers to stress the utterances in implicit meaning. They might become the way of disagreement communication for lecturers who taught language education in EFL context. This study observed lecturers’ disagreements in Asian language classroom context with heterogeneous learners (Indonesian, Malaysian, and Thai EFL learners). The result of this study is lecturers disagree for dispreferred options in certain aspect and the silence was minimized to avoid negative gesture or head movement. The way of lecturer in disagreement influenced by western culture when respond the learners’ refusal act.


Keywords


Refusal Act; Gestures; Disagreement; Politeness; Asian EFL learners

Full Text:

PDF

References


Angouri, Jo, Locher, Miriam A., (2012). Theorising disagreement. J. Pragmat. 44 (12), 1549e1553.

Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, Blondheim, Menahem, Hacohen, Gonen, (2002). Traditions of dispute: from negotiations of talmudic texts to the arena of political discourse in the media. J. Pragmat. 34 (10), 1569e1594.

Bressem, Jana, Müller, Cornelia, (2013). The family of away gestures: negation, refusal, and negative assessment. In: Müller, C., Cienki, A., Fricke, E., Ladewig, S.

H., McNiell, D., Tebendorf, S. (Eds.), Body - Language - Communication. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 1098e1124.

Brown, Penelope, Levinson, Stephen C., (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Calbris, Genevi_eve, (2011). Elements of Meaning in Gesture. John Benjamins Publishing, Amsterdam.

Cassell, Justine, McNeill, David, McCullough, Karl-Erik, 1999. Speech-gesture mismatches: evidence for one underlying representation of linguistic and nonlinguistic information. Pragmat. Cognit. 7 (1), 1e34.

Cazden, Courtney, (1986). Classroom discourse. In: Wittrock, Merlin C. (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Teaching. MacMillan Publishing Company, New York, pp. 432e463.

Church, R. Breckinridge, Goldin-Meadow, Susan, (1986). The mismatch between gesture and speech as an index of transitional knowledge. Cognition 23 (1), 43e71.

Goldin-Meadow, Susan, (1997). When gestures and words speak differently. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 6 (5), 138e143.

Gu, Yueguo, (1990). Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese. J. Pragmat. 14 (2), 237e257.

Haugh, Michael, (2007). The Discursive Challenge to Politeness Research: an Interactional Alternative. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 295e317.

K_ad_ar, D_aniel Z., (2017). Politeness, Impoliteness and Ritual. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Kakava, Christina, (1993). Negotiation of Disagreement by Greeks in Conversations and Classroom Discourse (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Georgetown University, Georgetown, The United States of America.

Kendon, Adam, (2002). Some uses of the head shake. Gesture 2 (2), 147e182.

Kerssen-Griep, Jeff, (2001). Teacher communication activities relevant to student motivation: classroom facework and instructional communication competence. Commun. Educ. 50 (3), 256e273.

Kita, Sotaro, (2009). Cross-cultural variation of speech-accompanying gesture: a review. Lang. Cognit. Process. 24 (2), 145e167.

Kotthoff, Helga, (1993). Disagreement and concession in disputes: on the context sensitivity of preference structures. Lang. Soc. 22 (2), 193e216.

Ladewig, Silva, (2013). Recurrent gestures. In: Müller, C., Cienki, A., Fricke, E., Ladewig, S.H., McNeill, D., Tebendorf, S. (Eds.), Body - Language - Communication. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 1558e1574.

Locher, Miriam A., (2004). Power and Politeness in Action: Disagreements in Oral Communication. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.

McClave, Evelyn Z., (2000). Linguistic functions of head movements in the context of speech. J. Pragmat. 32 (7), 855e878.

McKinnon, Sean, Prieto, Pilar, (2014). The role of prosody and gesture in the perception of mock impoliteness. J. Politeness Res. 10 (2), 185e219.

McNeill, David, (2005). Gesture and Thought. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

McNeill, David, (1992). Hand and Mind: what Gestures Reveal about Thought. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Netz, Hadar, (2014). Disagreement patterns in gifted classes. J. Pragmat. 61, 142e160.

Watts, Richard J., (2003). Politeness. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Witt, Paul L., Kerssen-Griep, Jeff, (2011). Instructional feedback I: the interaction of facework and immediacy on students' perceptions of instructor credibility. Commun. Educ. 60 (1), 75e94.

Wong, Ruth M.H., (2011). Developing teacher awareness of language use and language knowledge in English classrooms: four longitudinal cases. Electron. J. Foreign Lang. Teach. 8 (1), 19e38.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.29103/ijevs.v1i7.1705

Article Metrics

 Abstract Views : 342 times
 PDF Downloaded : 44 times

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2019 Niyan Wahyu Novalina, Slamet Setiawan, Ali Mustofa