Design and Build Solar Panels as Source Rice Thresher Motor Energy

Abstract Renewable energy generated from sunlight (Solar Panels) can be formed as alternative energy that can be applied to a source of electrical energy in rice thresher equipment. The use of solar energy with a power of 240 WP through the object on the rice thresher is able to replace the rice thresher automatically which is more effective. The power generated by solar energy will be processed into a charging source for the Regulated Battery Charger which can be supplied at a voltage to the control circuit to drive the DC motor. The average voltage generated by solar energy is 0.000394 volts/lux with a maximum voltage of 36.2 volts and a DC motor of 350 watts. In addition, the speed of this rice thresher is 950.8 rpm and is able to produce very good rice cutting against the designed solar energy capabilities.


Introduction
Rice is a food crop commodity that produces rice which plays an important role in the economic life of Indonesia. Namely rice as a staple food is very difficult to replace by other staples. Among them are corn, tubers, sago and other carbohydrate sources. So that the existence of rice becomes the main priority of the community in meeting the needs of carbohydrate intake which can be filling and is the main source of carbohydrates that are easily converted into energy. Rice as a food crop is consumed by approximately 90% of the total population of Indonesia for daily staple food (Donggulo et al., 2017).
One source of renewable energy that has not been used optimally is sunlight. With Indonesia's location at the equator, namely at 6oLU -11oLS and 95oBT -141oBT and by paying attention to the circulation of the sun in a year in the area of 23.5oLU and 23.5oLS, the territory of Indonesia will always be exposed to the sun for 10-12 hours a day. Baroken, 1991) with a high intensity of 5.1 kWH/m 2 /day (Pangkung et al., 2013).
Batteries have become a part of modern life. The number of products that rely on batteries as a power source today is very large. For example, computers, cell phones, pacemakers, street vendors lighting, vehicles, which use batteries as a source of electricity. These devices use batteries that can normally be recharged. By using rechargeable batteries we provide two environmental and economic benefits (Hamid et al., 2016).
A direct current (DC) motor is a direct current machine that functions to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. Direct current motors are widely used, especially in industrial parts that require large starting torque with constant acceleration and high efficiency (Harahap & Nofriadi, 2019).
For this reason, this study will discuss based on the design of solar panels as a source of energy for rice threshing as a tool that is produced more efficiently, optimally and environmentally friendly according to the results of the desired provisions.
The main difference from solar cell panels is the production material of the solar cell panels. The most common solar cell panel material is crystalline silicon, crystalline materials can consist of single crystal, mono or single-crystalline, and poly or multicristaline. In addition, there are solar cell panels made of a thin layer of Amorphous Silicon. Crystalline silicon cells have 2 types that are almost similar, although single crystalline cells are more efficient than poly-cristaline cells because poly-cristaline is a bond between cells. The advantage of amorphous silicon is that it is affordable but not as efficient as crystalline silicon solar cells (Solar et al., 2019).

Figure 1. Solar Panel Module Battery
A battery or accumulator is an electric cell in which a reversible electrochemical process takes place with high efficiency. What is meant by a reversible electrochemical reaction is that in the battery there can be a chemical conversion process into electric power (discharging process) and vice versa from electric power into chemical energy (charging process) by means of a regeneration process from the electrodes used, namely, by passing an electric current in the battery. opposite polarity in the cell. Batteries generate electricity through a chemical process (Thowil Afif & Ayu Putri Pratiwi, 2015).
Batteries have two types of use namely Primary Batteries and Secondary Batteries. The use of Primary Batteries as usage that can only be used once, while the use of Secondary Batteries as usage that can be used repeatedly (the opposite).

Battery Charger Regulated (BCR)
Battery Charger Regulated is an electronic device which functions as a direct current regulator which is charged to the battery and taken from the battery to the load. Regulated battery charger is a means of regulating over charging  DC motors require a direct voltage supply to the field coil to be converted into mechanical energy. In a dc motor there are two coils, namely the field coil which functions to produce a magnetic field and the anchor coil which functions as a place for the formation of an electromotive force (emf E). If the current in the armature coil interacts with the magnetic field, a torque (T) will arise which will rotate the motor (Nugroho & Agustina, 2013).
The use of DC motors requires a direct voltage supply to the field coil to be converted into mechanical energy which is usually called the stator (non-rotating part) and the armature coil is called the rotor (rotating part).

Construction Design
Based on the design of the construction of the tool through the planning of the framework to support all the loads or components that will be placed on the framework, as seen in the following construction drawings.   Based on the systematic design of the system in designing tools for rice threshing using solar panels, the stages in starting the design are as follows : 1. Determination of the dimensions of the support system that is planned to have a length of 80 cm, a width of 60 cm, and a height. 2. Regulated Battery Charger (BCR), functions as a controller for charging (charging) -discharging (released) battery power and has the main function as battery protection.
3. Battery, functions as a store of electrical power or the amount of energy that can be stored and released by the battery which is expressed in ampere hours (Ah).
4. Control circuit, functions as a controller of the system to control the motor.
5. DC Motor, serves as a driving cylinder thresher (drum rotating) to separate or thresh rice from the stalk. Diagram Flowchart System Based on the system flowchart diagram in designing tools for rice threshing using solar panels, as for the work steps and processes on the tool as shown below. The description of the picture, starting from the start is the beginning of the process, then when the main switch is in the on position then the next depends on the condition of the light intensity, if there is light it will charge the battery, if there is no light then nothing happens but can still operate motor with energy capacity from battery. Then if the battery is less than 20%, then it is required to charge the battery first, while if it is more than 20% it is permissible to operate the motor and then the motor will work normally.

System Working Principle
The working principle of the system is as follows: 1. The battery charging process can only be done if the solar panel gets enough sunlight to channel its power to the battery through the BCR (Battery Charger Regulated). 2. The process of operating the motor, which is carried out by a control circuit that is arranged in such a way that it can turn on or stop the work of the motor.

Network Image
The whole circuit can be seen in the following figure. Main switch S21 is the main switch in the circuit. When the main switch is operated, the circuit will be in standby position, and at that time the off condition H38 light is on because it is connected directly to the NC relay K32M auxiliary contact, then this indicates the circuit is ready to operate and the motor is off.
Then when the Si32 button is pressed, the circuit will be closed and the K32M relay will be energized and close all auxiliary contacts for NO contacts and open auxiliary contacts for NC contacts.
1. Auxiliary contact NO on page 3 column 3 will lock the K32M relay. 2. Auxiliary contact NO on page 3 column 5 will operate the K35M relay. 3. Auxiliary contact NO on page 3 column 7 will operate the H28 indicator light or indicate that the motor and cooling fan are operating. 4. The NC auxiliary contact on page 3 column 8 will open so that the H29 indicator light is Off. Then the energized K35M relay and its auxiliary contacts on page 2 columns 4 and 7 will close the circuit so that the brushed DC motor and cooling fan operate.
Then when the So32 pushbutton is pressed, the circuit will open and the K32M relay will turn off and open all auxiliary contacts for NO contacts and close auxiliary contacts for NC contacts.
1. Auxiliary contact NO on page 3 column 3 will unlock the K32 M relay so that the relay is off. 2. The NO auxiliary contact on page 3 column 5 will unlock the K35 M relay, then the DC motor and fan will be off. 3. The NO auxiliary contact on page 3 column 7 will open so that the H37 indicator light is Off or indicates that the motor and cooling fan are Off. 4. The NC auxiliary contact on page 3 column 8 will close so that the H38 On light indicates the system is in standby.

Results and Discussion
Testing of Solar Panels and BCR Based on the table, the solar panels were tested starting at 10.00 WIB until 16.00 WIB with the angle between the solar panel and the sun ranging from 30o to the perpendicular side. The battery voltage is measured incrementally every 30 minutes, and the battery is in the open loop position. 54,500 lux when the angle of the sun with the surface of the solar panel is very small. The highest light was measured at 12.30 WIB with a total irradiation of 103,500 lux in very sunny and hot weather up to 38 o C. The lowest light intensity was measured at 16.00 with a total irradiation of 54,500 lux.

Figure 14. Graph of Solar Panel Output Voltage Against Light Intensity
Based on the figure, it shows a graph of the solar panel output voltage against light intensity, so that through this measurement data the maximum voltage produced by the solar panel is at 12.30 WIB, which is 36.2 volts when the light intensity is 103,500 lux. And the minimum voltage produced by the solar panels is at 16.00 WIB, which is 26.38 volts when the light intensity is 54,500 lux. The average voltage produced is 0.000394 volt/lux. Based on the table, the maximum power that can be produced by solar panels is at 12.30 WIB which is 229.508 watts with a BCR output of 128.677 watts and the minimum power produced by solar panels is at 16.00 WIB with a power of 55.398 watts with a BCR output power of 37 ,4028 watts.

Light Intensity (lux)
Based on the picture, that shows the comparison between the power of the solar panel and the power on the BCR. The highest power that can be processed by BCR is 68.125% and the average power that can be processed by Battery Charge Regulated (BCR) from solar panels is 60.902%. Thus, the efficiency of BCR is only 60.902%.

Battery Charging Test
Through this battery test, that the battery has been charged 2 bars out of a total of 4 bars (the battery has been charged 2/4 in total) displayed on the BCR screen. And at 16.00 WIB the battery charging has reached 4/4 bar. Based on the table, the current charged to the battery from 10.00 WIB to 16.00 WIB is 24.875Ah. The highest current produced by BCR is 4.78 amperes at 12.30 WIB, and the lowest current is 1.42 amperes at 16.00 WIB.
Through this experiment, charging batteries using solar panels is only effective from 10.00 WIB to 15.00 WIB or only lasts for 5 hours of charging per day. With an average battery charging through the BCR of 3,936 amperes.
On charging a 24 volt battery, the BCR emits an average voltage of 26.82 volts. The voltage in the charging process is given 111.766% of the battery voltage.
Calculation of battery charging time using equation (2) : t =(15,243 +(0,2 × 15,243)) t =(15,243 + 3,048) t =18,291 jam So that it takes 18,291 hours to fully charge the battery for an average charging current of 3,936 amperes from 10.00 WIB to 16.00 WIB. So to fully charge the battery it takes 3 days to charge 6 hours a day.

Battery Test Against Motor
The use of testing on battery power for the motor has 2 12 Volt Lead acid dry batteries which are arranged in series as a power storage from the solar cell. The stored power will be used to start the 350 watt brushed DC motor. So, for calculations on battery usage and charging can be obtained with the following calculations: Is

Waktu (menit)
Based on the following picture, that shows a picture of the Motor Temperature Graph in One Hour of Operation. Through this measurement, it is concluded that the motor temperature is getting higher when it is operated for longer. Therefore the motor must be immediately cooled by turning off the motor, and the fan continues to run to cool the motor, it takes 20 minutes for the motor temperature to drop to 34.3 o C.

Thresher Cylinder Speed Test
The use of this thresher cylinder speed test results in measurements using a tacho meter measuring instrument, the measured speed of the threshing cylinder is 950.8 rpm. And the speed of a DC motor with a 2 inch pulley is measured at 3368 rpm.

Rice Thresher Test
The use of this rice thresher test was carried out in farmers' fields in Suka Sari Village, Galang District, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra.
The measurement data on rice threshing as much as 30 kg, as follows : 1. The battery, which was previously rated at 25.73 volts.

Figure 18. Battery Voltage Drop When Standby During Checking And Production
Based on the picture, that the Battery Voltage Drop when Standby, Checking and During Production. When the DC motor and fan are turned on at no load (not yet doing rice threshing activities) the voltage drops to 24.65 volts, and when the rice is threshed the voltage drops to 23.98 volts. After the threshing activity is carried out for 14 minutes and the DC motor is turned off, the voltage on the battery drops to 25.41 volts, there is a decrease in battery voltage of 0.32 volts due to reduced battery capacity. 2. DC motor, when carrying out the activity is 33.6 o C and the temperature on the DC motor is measured at 33.1 o C and after doing the rice threshing activity for 14 minutes the temperature on the motor rises to 38.3 o C. 3. Production Results.

Conclusions
The highest intensity of sunlight was measured at 12.30 WIB with a total light intensity of 103,500 lux with a voltage of 36.2 volts and the lowest intensity of sunlight was measured at 16.00 with a total irradiation of 54,500 lux with a voltage of 26.38 volts. The highest power generated by solar panels is at 12.30 WIB with an output power of 224,119 watts and the minimum power produced by solar panels is at 16.00 WIB with a power of 55.398 watts and BCR efficiency is 60.902%. It takes 18.5 hours to fully charge the battery if the average BCR output current is 3.89 amperes when using a 240 WP solar panel from 10.00 WIB to 16.00 WIB. A fully charged battery can operate the motor for approximately 3.3 hours.
The production capacity reaches 100 kg/hour, when compared to the traditional rice thresher which is only 50 kg/hour, this rice thresher machine is 2 times superior.