Analysis of Spelling Error In Dissertation Based on the General Guideline for Indonesian Spelling (Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia)

Minister of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia, Anies Baswedan, on November 26, 2015, stipulated a Decree of Minister of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia Number 50 Year 2015 regarding General Guideline for Indonesian Spelling. Based on this decree, Indonesian Language Development and Fostering Agency released General Guideline for Indonesian Spelling (Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia [PUEBI]) in lieu of the previous spelling system namely Enhanced Indonesian Spelling System (Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan [EYD]).


Minister of Education and
Spelling is also called orthography. The use of language in university for academic purposes, such as writing final assignment to get a degree is a must. Students in university are required to be able to make an academic writing. Students are required to be able to think critically, systematically and scientifically accountable. Not all students are able to write an academic writing using Indonesian language with good and correct form according to standards of spelling system. The variety of languages used in academic papers should show language in accordance with their fields, called scientific variety. Therefore, it should be a standard Indonesian language. Characteristics of standard language as stated by Meoliono (1988) "are a) having dynamic stability, meaning that the rules of language are fixed and do not change at any time, b) the nature of academic, meaning the realization of language units that express regular and logical reasoning, and c) the process of uniformity of rules, not the equalization of variety of languages, or a uniform variation of languages." The nature of academic is also a feature of standard language. A standard language is an academic language due to its use in the official context. The user of of this standard language is academic people or scholars. Besides, the standard language can precisely give an idea of what the speaker or writer means. A standard language is a uniform language. Basically, the process of language standardization is the process of language uniformity. In other words, standardization of language is the search for points of uniformity. After recognizing the characteristics of standard language, the following explanation is outlined uniformity of spelling, pronunciation, word, and sentence.
In a language, the spelling system usually has two aspects, namely phonological aspect, which involves the utterance of phoneme with letter and alphabetical arrangement; morphological aspect, which involves the utterance of speech with punctuation. Thus, the utterance of phoneme with letters, adjusting foreign letters with letters in Indonesian, pronunciation, acronymation and alphabetical arrangement are included in the phonological aspect. The rules regulating word formation by affixing, combining words, decapitating words, forming words, and absorbing foreign vocabulary into Indonesian include in morphological aspect.
Writing is a type of language actualization in written form. Writing is a very important thing to convey ideas logically in the learning process and reporting of teaching result. But in reality there are still many errors in writing, both simple and high-level writing.
Error analysis is a work procedure used by researchers or professors which includes collecting samples, identifying errors contained in the sample, explaining the errors, classifying the errors based on their causes, and evaluating or measuring the level of the error. In addition, according to Setyawati (2010) error analysis is a technique for identifying, and structurally interpreting errors made by students who are learning a second language or a foreign language.
Errors made in writing is caused by writers not pay attention to the correct language rules in the writing process. The language used sometimes does not use standard language and appropriate spelling. Errors made by student can be viewed from a number of spelling errors, such as (1) letter usage, (2) word formation such as the use of prepositions, (3) writing absorption element, and (4) the use of punctuation such as; comma (,), full stop (.), question mark (?), exclamation sign (!), and others.
In this study, the focus of analysis is spelling error. Spelling is one form that must be considered in writing academic papers because spelling is a rule that has been set in Indonesian. In Standard Dictionary of Indonesian Language (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [KBBI] (Ministry of Education, 2007), spelling is explained as follows: "Spelling is the rules of how to describe sounds (words, times, etc.) in the form of writing (letters) and the use of punctuation". Whereas Hastuti (2010) explained that "Indonesian spelling is the whole method of how to describe the sound symbols of language and how the relationship among the symbols (separation of merging) in Indonesian". Therefore, a paper will be considered to be good and have scientific value when using spelling in accordance with applicable regulation.

Previous Research
There are some studies that are relevant to this study as follows. Febriyani's research is very relevant to this research with the title "Error Analysis of EYD Application in Negotiation Texts of Senior High School 3 Palu Student" because it has the same formulation of problem, namely how forms of language errors. Another relevant study is a research conducted by Kamboto (2016) entitled "Analysis of Errors in the Use of Punctuation in Paragraph of Mercusuar Newspaper" in paper of Indonesian Language Study Program, Teacher Training and Education Faculty, Tadulako University. That study has the same topic in describing spelling errors that focus on the use of punctuation. While, the object of research, paragraph in Mescusuar newspaper is its difference. The formulation of problem in that study is Mescusuar newspaper is the main partner of the government and society in Central Sulawesi and the use of punctuation in a writing is often considered trivial thing by the community.

Analysis
Some experts provide limitation for definition of analysis, including Hastuti (2003) who said that analysis is an investigation that aims to find the core of the problem, then peeled from various aspects, criticized, commented on, then concluded. According to KBBI, Sugiono (2008) states that analysis is an investigation of events (essay, deed, and so on) to find out the actual situation (cause, case, etc.). From those opinions, it can be concluded that analysis is an investigation (examination) of an object to find out (determine) the problem or elements in accordance with the provision, then peeled, given a review, and concluded in order to understand the problem.
Furthermore, Hastuti (2003) explains that error is against the word "wrong" with "correct", meaning that the word "wrong" means incorrect, not according to predetermined rules. This error can be caused by ignorance if it is associated with the use of the word. KBBI (2008) describes error as mistake or omission. So, it can be concluded that error is deviation from the rules or norms that have been regulated.

Spelling
Spelling rule in writing is very important. Spelling error can lead to mistake in reader's response for the author ideas (Gantamitreka, 2016). In another opinion, Gantamitreka (2016), states that spelling is the rules of how to describe sounds (word, sentence, etc.) in written form (letters) and the use of punctuation. According to Setyawati (2010), technically spelling is the rule of writing in a language related to writing letters, words, elements of absorption, and using punctuation.
From both opinions above, it can be concluded that spelling is the rule of writing in describing a language related to writing letter, word, elements of absorption, and using punctuation. The current spelling used in Indonesian is known as General Guideline for Indonesian Spelling (Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia  (1947), and spelling (1966). EYD consists of four chapters, namely (1) letter usage, (2) word formation, (3) use of punctuation, and (4) writing of absorption elements (PUEBI, 2015: 1).
PUEBI also regulates about, that is: 1). Use of Letters, 2). Word Formation, 3). Use of Punctuation, 4). Writing of Absorption Elements, and 5). Index There are new rules in PUEBI as follows: 1. Bold letter in printing is used to write the title of a book, chapter, chapter section, table of content, list of tables, list of symbols, bibliography, indexes, and attachments.
2. Bold letter is not used in printing to confirm or specify letters, part of words, words, or group of words; for this purpose, italic is used.
3. Bold letter in dictionary printing is used to write basic word, sub-basic word and symbol of the number stating polysemi.
4. Bold letter is used to emphasize parts of writing that have been italicized.
5. Bold letter can be used to emphasize parts of an essay, such as the title of a book, chapter, or section.
There are some contradictions between EYD and PUEBI. First, In EYD, it is explained that for the purpose of affirmation, italic can be used, whereas in PUEBI it is explained that bold letter is used to emphasize the tilted part (compare point 2 EYD and point 1 on PUEBI).

Definition
A dissertation is a academic paper that presents a new theory that can be proven based on facts empirically and objectively. A dissertation is written to get a doctorate (S3). A dissertation is essentially a further development of a thesis (Markum, 2019).
A dissertation is produced by independent research carried out based on scientific methods, which is systematically compiled and written either through quantitative or qualitative research, carried out by students under the guidance of Promoter and Co-Promotor. A dissertation is one of the academic requirements that must be fulfilled by students who take doctorate level of education. Students are allowed to take a dissertation after fulfilling the specified academic requirements (including: number of credits, GPA, TOEFL and others).
A dissertation has several characteristics including: 1. Focusing on the study of one of the disciplines in accordance with the field being studied.

2.
Focusing on new discoveries in the disciplines that are studied in depth.
3. Using primary data as the main data, supported by secondary data if needed.

4.
Being written in good and correct Indonesian, except for foreign language study programs.

Purpose of Writing Dissertation
A dissertation is written in order to: a) improve and assess the ability of students to develop knowledge obtained from education and experience they have in writing a scientific paper; b) improve and assess analytical capabilities of observed business phenomena or theoretical practice and provide suggestions for solutions to problem solving or developing existing research theories/results; c) improve commitment and curiosity in a process of scientific writing with thought and analysis supported by the ability to communicate, both through writing and oral (in a dissertation exam); d) contribute to the development of knowledge and the business through researchs and scientific writings in a dissertation.

Benefit of Dissertation
There are some benefits for writing a dissertation as follows: a) Practical/Policy Benefit It is expected to provide the development of knowledge and practical problem solving. The result can be an input for stakeholders related to dissertation result in their decision making.

b) Theoretical Benefit
It can be an input for future researchers and/or an input for the development of related subject.

c) Academic Benefit
Students must take a dissertation exam which consists of: (1) proposal seminar (2) research result examination (3) closed examination (4) open examination. Then students must meet the academic and financial requirements determined by each concentration.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
An analysis was conducted on dissertation text with the title "Effectiveness of Reading Lodge in Increasing Children Habit and Interest in Reading" with a review of PUEBI.

Error in Using Capital Letter
Capital letter is a letter with special size and shape (bigger than ordinary letters). It is usually used as the first letter of the first word in a sentence, the first letter of a direct quotation, the first letter in an expression relating to the name of God (including pronouns for God), and so forth. Capital letter is also used as the first letter of the name of the nation, ethnicity, and language. Last but not least, capital letter is used as the first letter of a sign of kinship.
Based on the result of analysis, it is found several errors in writing capital letter. These errors include the use of lowercase letters at the beginning of sentences, lowercase letters in mentioning a nation and country, and so on. These errors have been summarized in the following table.

Error in Using Italic
It was found several errors in using italic in this dissertation. These errors include writing foreign words, expressions, or terms in the form of quotation written using ordinary letter. These errors have been summarized and registered through the following table. "…many research studies and the … formative years."

Error in Word Formation
It was found several errors in word formation in this dissertation. These errors include the use of non-standard words, irregularly used words, improper use of repeated words, and so on. These errors have been summarized and registered through the following table.

Error in Using Full Stop (.)
A full stop is a punctuation used to mark the end of a sentence in various languages. This sign consists of small dot placed at the end of a line or a sentence. A full stop is also used in abbreviations. "…dari 12-15 tahun" Correction: "…dari 12-15 tahun."

Error in Using Colon (:)
A colon is a punctuation symbol denoted by two points of the same size placed one above the other, or placed in the middle of the same vertical line. Correction: "…sebagai berikut: (1) untuk mengetahui…"

Error in Using Quotation Mark ("…")
A quotation mark is a punctuation mark used in pairs to mark quotes, words, phrases, or sentences. There are two types of quotation marks, namely single quotation mark ('... ') and double quotation mark (" ... "). It was found several errors in this dissertation in the use of quotation mark as follows.

CONCLUSION
A dissertation is an academic paper that presents a new theory that can be proven based on facts empirically and objectively. A dissertation is written to get a doctorate (S3). A dissertation has an academic credit higher than a thesis. In a dissertation, the problems discussed are more extensive and in-depth than a thesis for bachelor and master because the result of dissertation is new theories or something new and original. A dissertation is evidence of the ability of the person concerned in conducting research related to new discoveries in one of the educational disciplines. Therefore, it needs a good and correct language to be used in its writing process.