Higher Education Scholarship: Gate To Develop Educational Human Resource Quality

Bidik Misi "(BM) is an extraordinary scholarship provided by the Government of Indonesia with two criteria main: economic needs and academic performance, and added a test Islamic Education at private universities. Since its introduction in 2010, the number of candidates has increased every year, causing difficulties in choosing the most qualified candidates. This study aims to find the effectiveness of the recruitment of participants in scholarship programs for the poor and how to develop the quality of educational resources in Indonesia. Although they have requirements that are not the same as regular students in participating in the admission process at universities, this study shows that private universities can develop the quality of human resources through the BM program.


INTRODUCTION
Education is the right of every citizen, including those from the economically poor family. In facts, not every citizen can access higher education as, for some poor people, is unaffordable. Assessing education is human rights. Human rights education covers activities and practices to develop knowledge, skill, understanding, attitude, and awareness which are necessary for promoting, preserving, and advocating fundamental rights (Doganay & Ozturk, 2017). Human rights include access to education for students who have poor or needy economic ability (Benavot, 2016a). Education can create competent and qualified human resources, which finally result in the increasing of social development index in which one of the indicators is the level of education of the citizen. It means that the higher education the people within a country is, the higher human development index of the state will be. Education has a significant impact on increasing the human development index of one country.
In Indonesia, access to higher education seems to be controlled by those with the ability of finance as the cost of higher education is very expensive. According to the data of the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia, only about 30% of high school graduates in Indonesia continue to college (Ristekdikti, 2015). This is caused by higher poverty in Indonesia. The latest data shows that 27,7 million people are still under poverty lines (Biro Pusat Statistik, 2016).
The government, through the special scholarship called BM tries to accommodate those with financial barriers. BM scholarship is the government programs initiated to open broader access for everyone as the concept of education for all. The target of the program itself is to increase the access and opportunities to higher education for outstanding economically low-income family students.
The solution to the problem is by providing equal access to all people, especially those from an economically low-income family. The government, the local government, and universities must serve those from a financially low-income family so that they can access higher education (Sekneg, 2012). The fund of BM is also budgeted in the National budget (Kemendikbud, 2014b). The concept of providing scholarship was also introduced in the Malaysian government as it covers the indigenous people of Malay to access higher education (Younus, Farooq, Tabassum, & Scholar, 2017). The same case also happens in the Tennesse United States, which also provide a scholarship for those from a low-income family to high-quality university (Villalobos, Treviño, Wyman, & Scheele, 2017 how the realization of human resources includes program managers and lecturers as a foundation in implementing the learning process in higher education.

Poverty
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014) define poverty as "when a person or group of people lack human needs because they cannot afford them. Human needs include clean water, nutrition, health care, education, clothing, and shelter" (Hitchcock et al., 2018).
In the USA itself, the poverty according to federal guidelines is a family of four with an annual income of $24.600 or less is classified as living in poverty (Williams & Nourie-manuele, 2018). In short, poverty is the inability of a person or group of people to meet basic needs (Williams & Nourie-manuele, 2018;Hitchcock et al., 2018;Hannum et al., 2017).

Human Development Index
The Human Development Index (HDI) is an indicator that measures individuals' welfare through three dimensions: health, education, and income (Caroline & Miranda, 2014;Chaaban, Irani, & Khoury, 2015;Lourenc, 2017) Some various definitions of human development index as mentioned by previous researchers but seen as the concept of UNDP in measuring the country well being Human development index, even though there are some critics on how to measure and the lack of data, is still the only comprehensive measurement on how well a country serves its citizens. There are three keywords in the context of human development index, namely health care, education, and income (Caroline & Miranda, 2014;Chaaban et al., 2015;UNDP, 2016). The human development index has now become more comprehensive as the indicators vary by the time

Scholarship in Higher Education
Scholarship programs for higher education attract a substantial body of funding each year from national governments, supranational agencies, large charitable foundations, higher education institutions, and many smaller organizations (Mawer, 2017). In some countries, scholarship in higher education is often framed by strategic management and organization theories (Mwangi, 2018).
While the "public scholarship movement" (Mathews, 2005) has spurred deeper and broader exploration and practice of engaged scholarship in higher education (Franz, 2016). It can be concluded that scholarship for higher education is one of the instruments to provide access to those from low incomes family students. The scholarship can be fully funded by either the government using state budget or through a partnership with industries in which they can recruit the recipients to work within a period in the company providing the scholarship. The scholarship disbursed by the government will not run smoothly without cooperation and partnership with the higher education institutions as now higher education institutions have increasingly become actors in these international development partnerships (Mwangi, 2018). In 1998, the World Conference on Higher Education (WCHE), organized by UNESCO, put forth a call for the higher education sector to become more engaged in international development agendas, particularly sustainable sociocultural and economic development (Mwangi, 2018). The partnership the government can spread the awareness to the higher education institutions through scholarship.

Education For All
Education for all has long been reviewed and discussed as it was assumed that the poverty and unemployment in every country are mostly caused by lower education level and the access to higher education is very limited especially for those from low-income family students.
Global Monitoring Report initiated by the UNESCO, resulting in 5 goals that would help the implementation of education for all. They are expanding early childhood care and education; achieving universal primary education; ensuring equal access to learning and life skills for youth and adults; challenging the government to reduce adult illiteracy; and focusing attention on gender parity and equality (Benavot, 2016b). While Guo defines the Education For All as a process of lifelong learning which is a holistic, visionary, normative and value-laden concept in the same way as are ideas about democracy or equality (Guo, 2014). Life long learning is the integration of learning and living, covering learning activities for people of all ages through a variety of modalities. Life long learning ultimate goals are to ensure the optimum educational access rates for improving the quality of human resources (Madani, 2019). Education has been an excellent tool to bring about advancement and development in the nation indeed as proven by advanced nations of the world (Irabor, 2018). Education for all is like an investment from a country to improve the quality of human resources, which finally results in the development of productivities. If the productivity of human resource within a country, it will be much easier to design the growth as the investors from other countries will come. Productivity is talking about the effectiveness of human resources in building a nation. A higher level of education can only produce productivity. Many believe that education is an essential tool for the social and economic growth of a country (Villalobos, Treviño, Wyman, & Scheele, 2017;Madani, 2019).

Bidikmisi Scholarship
Higher education, in some countries, needs a lot of money to invest, and this condition puts the low-income family to stop expecting to continue their education in universities.
In the United States itself, students from low-income family do not set a college as an option. However, not all high school students always see college as an option. For low-income students, the cost can be a determining factor.
If funds are insufficient, or students believe that there are no funds to access, then students are less likely to apply for and attend college" (Tierney, Sallee, & Venegas, 2016 (Ristekdikti, 2015). The government creates program, namely Bidikmisi scholarship in which one of the targets is to provide access and opportunity to study at higher education for the outstanding students coming from low-income families. The BM scholarship program is based on the regulation as the way to help the poor exceptional students continue their higher education (Kemendikbud, 2014

METHODS
This research used qualitative with the case study method. Qualitative research with case study method was used to analyze and answer problems and also gain a valuable result (Creswell, 2012;Miles B Matthew, Hubbermean A Michael, Saldana, 2014). Case study research process is defined by a systematic series of steps designed to provide a careful analysis of the case (Hancock, Dawson R and Alozzine, 2006). The data collection was carried out through interviews, questionnaires, documentation, and field notes. Data validity was done through 4 steps, namely credibility, transferability, dependability, and conformability (Miles, Mathew B, Hubermen, Michael, Saldana, 2014).
Reliability is a real value. Do the findings of the study make sense? Are they credible to the people studied, members of the research community, and others?
Transferability -Do the conclusions of a survey have any more considerable effect? Are they transferable to other contexts? Do they fit with what we already know? How far can findings be generalized? Is dependability the process of the study consistent and reasonably stable over time and across researchers and methods? (Miles, Mathew B, Hubermen, Michael, Saldana, 2014). Data analysis consists of data reduction, display, and verification (Huberman, 1992).

Participants Bidikmisi
In addition to administrative requirements, UNIDA has a method of recruiting prospective participants through a selection mechanism consisting of a) Having abilities academic (top 10 in high school), b) Originating from economically disadvantaged families ( poor), c) Passed the Test of Education Islamic.

Academic Ranking of Participants
The Academic Ranking Program is indicated by academic    shows how the students have the mastery of the knowledge as shown by the high GPA earned during the study. They also got the competencies which, therefore comprised of a cognitive level (the ability of complex thinking and resolving problems, as well as using the knowledge in a certain área (Peklaj, 2015). This shows the relationship between the result and the theory stating that 'the cognitive competence is the prior learning that facilitates new learning (Redding, 2015). The cognitive competency can also include an increase in understanding, retention, and application of general concepts; in addition to viewing multiple perspectives and values for global interdependencies; also, interdisciplinary alleviates decision making, thinking critically and creatively, and synthesizing knowledge beyond the discipline.
Enhancement of identifying, assessing and transferring significant information to solve new problems (Husni & Rouadi, 2016).
Compared to the theory, the students of the BM recipients are mostly able to interact and adapt in different situations, which can lead them to the success of their study.

Islamic Education Ability (PAI) for Muslim believers
The ability to master and pass BM selection tests becomes the requirement main for prospective students to get a  (Dailey, Robertson, & Gill, 2015;Dobmeier & Reiner, 2012). The theory of social competence can be indicated with the adversity quotients as shown in the responsibility of students in finishing the study on time or in 4 year period. It's not only about finishing on time, but it's about the discipline of the students to focus on their study. The condition proves the theory that the behavior of an individual in a given moment, in a real environment, and exerting a given role related to her/his current studies (and the future profession) (José, Grande, Wit, & Avalos, 2015).

Realization of Human Resources (HR)
Availability of human resources or program implementers  Lecturers are another element that is a factor supporting the implementation of the BM scholarship program.
Administratively the number of lecturers in the study program who are implementing the learning process for students of scholarship participants is BM adequate. This can be seen from the ratio of lecturers and students in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. Table 3.5 states that 100% of the lecturers in the student study program are adequate.

CONCLUSION
This research concluded that the giving of BM scholarship to outstanding low-income students provides a solution to accelerate the development of education in Indonesia and give significant impacts on the increasing level of Human Development Index. It also determines that higher education can have a function as an agent of change in the development of students competencies and characters.
The higher educations can also have a role as an equal partner of the government in spreading the knowledge and skills.