The water quality and biological indicators of estuarine and marine waters affected by shrimp farming effluents in Bireuen Regency, Aceh

Authors

  • Akmal Izwar Program Studi Akuakultur, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Almuslim, Indonesia
  • Saniar Fauza Program Studi Agribisnis, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Almuslim, Indonesia
  • Asih Makarti Muktitama Program Studi Akuakultur, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Malikussaleh, Indonesia
  • Anis Nugrahawati Program Studi Akuakultur, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Malikussaleh, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3145-1436
  • Rossy Azhar Program Studi Akuakultur, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Almuslim, Indonesia
  • Dani Pratama Putra Program Studi Akuakultur, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Almuslim, Indonesia
  • Syahirman Hakim Program Studi Teknologi industri Pertanian, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Almuslim, Indonesia
  • Yoga Musarady Mahasiswa Parogram Studi Akuakultur, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Almuslim, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29103/aa.v12i3.24729

Keywords:

Estuary, Marine Waters, Plankton, Vibrio spp, Water Quality, Whiteleg Shrimp

Abstract

Intensive whiteleg shrimp farming has the potential to degrade water quality through the accumulation of organic matter and nutrients in coastal ecosystems. This study aimed to evaluate differences in water quality between estuarine and marine waters in Bireuen Regency, Aceh, and to associate them with plankton and bacteria as ecological indicators. The research was conducted from July to August 2025 at three estuarine and three marine stations, analyzing physical, chemical, and biological parameters. Results showed that estuarine waters had higher TSS (9–16 mg/L), NH₃ (0.80 mg/L), BOD (4.6–7.1 mg/L), and COD (32–33 mg/L) than marine waters, associated with the presence of Nitzschia spp., Ceratium hirundinella, Brachionus rotundiformis, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In marine waters, although DO and salinity were more stable, eutrophication indicators included Noctiluca spp., copepods (Acartia, Oithona), V. alginolyticus, and Photobacterium damselae. These findings indicate that estuaries act as pollution hotspots while marine waters are also affected, emphasizing the need for ecosystem-based management of shrimp aquaculture effluents.

Keywords: Estuary; Marine Waters; Plankton; Vibrio spp; Water Quality; Whiteleg Shrimp

References

Akmal, Y., Humairani, R., Muliari, M., Zulfahmi, I., dan Rauf, A. 2021. Peningkatan nilai ekonomi pada kelompok pembudidaya udang vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei) Laut Mina Budidaya Kabupaten Bireuen, Aceh. Jurnal Solma, 10(2): 275–286. doi: 10.22236/solma.v10i2.6437.

Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Bireuen, Kabupaten Bireuen Dalam Angka 2025. Bireuen: Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Bireuen, 2025.

Barraza-Guardado, R., Arreola-Lizárraga, J.A., and López-Torres, M.A. 2013. Effluents of shrimp farms and its influence on the coastal marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/306370

Bull, E.G., Cunha, C.D.L.D.N., and Scudelari, A.C. 2021. Water quality impact from shrimp farming effluents in a tropical estuary. Water Science and Technology, 83(1): 123-136. doi: 10.2166/wst.2020.559

Brumfield, K.D., Chen, A.J., Gangwar, M., Usmani, M., Hasan, N.A., Jutla, A.S., Huq, A., and Colwell, R.R. 2023. Environmental factors influencing occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 89(6): e00307-23. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00307-23

Cao, T.T., Le, H.A., and Eppe, G. 2025. Nutrient dynamics, environmental impacts, and feed efficiency in intensive whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) farming on sandy soils in Ninh Thuan, Vietnam. Aquaculture Reports, 44: 103050.

Febrina, L., Mulyawati, I., dan Fazhar, I. 2019. Penyuluhan pengelolaan limbah tambak udang ramah lingkungan di Desa Tambaksari–Karawang. Jurnal Industri Kreatif dan Kewirausahaan, 2(2). doi: 10.36441/kewirausahaan.v2i2.60

Gao, Y., Lai, Z., Wang, C., Li, H., and Mai, Y. 2021. Population characteristics of Brachionus calyciflorus and their potential application for evaluating river health in the Pearl River Delta, China. Water, 13(6): 749.

Gemilang, W.A., dan Kusumah, G. 2017. Status indeks pencemaran perairan kawasan mangrove berdasarkan penilaian fisika-kimia di pesisir Kecamatan Brebes Jawa Tengah. Enviro., Scienteae, 13(2):171-80.

Goto, G.M., Corwin, E., Farthing, A., Lubis, A.R., and Klinger, D.H. 2023. A nature-based solutions approach to managing shrimp aquaculture effluent. PLOS Sustainability and Transformation, 2(8): e0000076. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pstr.0000076

Gutkowska, A., Paturej, E., and Kowalska, E. 2013. Rotifer trophic state indices as ecosystem indicators in brackish coastal waters. Oceanologia, 55(4): 887-899. https://doi.org/10.5697/oc.55-4.887

Hastutiningrum, S., dan Dany, A.K. 2021. Penyerapan amonia, nitrit, nitrat dan fosfat pada limbah tambak udang menggunakan alga Chaetomorpha crassa dengan metode fitoremidiasi. Jurnal Teknologi Technoscientia, 165-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34151/technoscientia.v13i2.3195

Izwar, A., Nuryati, S., and Purnomowati, R. 2020. Isolation, identification, and pathogenicity tests of pathogenic bacterial associated with black body syndrome in white barramundi Lates calcarifer B. J. Akuakultur Indonesia, 19(1): 39–49.

Izwar, A., Nugrahawati, A., Hakim, S., Irfannur, I., Putra, D.P., Azhar, R., and Radhi, M. 2025. Optimization of growth and survival of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) postlarvae through dietary variation: A study of physiological and microbiological responses. Acta Aquatica, 233–240. https://doi.org/10.29103/aa.v12i2.22129

Kementerian Negara Lingkungan Hidup. 2004. Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 51 Tahun 2004 tentang Baku Mutu Air Laut.

Najwa, A.B., Elexson, N., Dalene, L., and Teng, S.T. 2024. Vibrio species and cyanobacteria: Understanding their association in local shrimp farm using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Microbial Ecology, 87(1): 51.

Pebriani, D.A.A., Arthana, I.W., Suyasa, I.W.B., Julyantoro, P.G.S., Kartika, G.R.A., and Wiradana, P.A. 2025. Monitoring of water quality and pollution index in intensive pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultivation in Buleleng Regency, Bali Province, Indonesia. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries, 29(4): 669-689.

Pitalokasari, O.D., Fiqri, S., and Ayudia, D. 2021. Validasi metode pengujian Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) dalam air laut secara titrimetri berdasarkan SNI 6989.72: 2009. Ecolab, 15(1): 63-75.

Prasetiyono, E., Bidayani, E., Robin, R., dan Syaputra, D. 2022. Analisis kandungan nitrat dan fosfat pada lokasi buangan limbah tambak udang vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei) di Kabupaten Bangka Tengah Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung. Saintek Perikanan: Indonesian Journal of Fisheries Science and Technology, 18(2): 73-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/ijfst.18.2.73-79

Urquhart, E.A., Jones, S.H., Yu, J.W., Schuster, B.M., Marcinkiewicz, A.L., Whistler, C.A., and Cooper, V.S. 2016. Environmental conditions associated with elevated Vibrio parahaemolyticus concentrations in Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire. PloS one, 11(5): e0155018. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155018.

Yusal, M.S., Hasyim, A., Hastuti, H., Arif, A., dan Pratomo, R.H. 2025. Review eutrofikasi: Risiko dalam kesuburan lingkungan perairan dan upaya penanggulangannya. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia, 24(1): 124-35.

Zein, R., Nurdin, J., Rianto, D.R., and Ramadhani, P. 2023. Environmental management approach: the impact of a wastewater treatment plant for shrimp ponds on Carocok Anau River water quality. AACL Bioflux, 16(3): 1531-1548.

Downloads

Published

2025-12-01 — Updated on 2026-10-14

Versions

Issue

Acta Aquatica, Vol. 12: No. 3 (December, 2025)

Section

Articles

License

Acta Aquatica uses license CC-BY or an equivalent license as the optimal license for the publication, distribution, use, and reuse of scholarly works.

This license permits anyone to compose, repair, and make derivative creation even for commercial purposes, as long as appropriate credit and proper acknowledgement to the original publication from Jurnal Ilmiah is made to allow users to trace back to the original manuscript and author.

Readers are also granted full access to read and download the published manuscripts, reprint and distribute the manuscript in any medium or format.