Investigation into the influence of treatment parameters using central composite design (CCD) and characterization of chitosan extracted from marine crab shell wastes

Abdulmumuni Sumaila; Jimoh Ibrahim; Muhammad Kabir Yahaya; Ahmed Onimisi Sumaila; Samuel Adamariko Aniki

doi:10.29103/joms.v2i3.22561

Authors

Abdulmumuni Sumaila Department of Chemistry, Confluence University of Science and Technology Osara, Kogi State, Nigeria. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5934-9440
Jimoh Ibrahim epartment of Mathematics and Statistics , Confluence University of Science and Technology Osara, Kogi State, Nigeria.
Muhammad Kabir Yahaya Department of Chemistry, Confluence University of Science and Technology Osara, Kogi State, Nigeria.
Ahmed Onimisi Sumaila epartment of Chemistry, Confluence University of Science and Technology Osara, Kogi State, Nigeria.
Samuel Adamariko Aniki Department of Mathematics and Statistics , Confluence University of Science and Technology Osara, Kogi State, Nigeria. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1345-758X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29103/joms.v2i3.22561

Keywords:

Chitosan, marine crab shell, central composite design (CCD), biopolymer extraction, characterization techniques

Abstract

The extraction and characterization of chitosan from marine crab shell waste have garnered significant attention due to the increasing demand for sustainable and biodegradable biomaterials. This study investigates the influence of critical treatment parameters on the extraction efficiency and quality of chitosan, using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on Central Composite Design (CCD) for optimization. Marine crab shells, an abundant seafood processing by-product, were subjected to a three-step extraction process involving demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation. Key variables such as acid concentration, alkali concentration, reaction temperature, and treatment duration were systematically varied to evaluate their effect on chitosan yield and properties. The optimized extraction conditions yielded high-quality chitosan with improved physicochemical properties. Characterization techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were employed to assess the functional groups, morphology, crystallinity, and thermal stability of the extracted chitosan. The results confirmed the successful removal of calcium carbonate and proteins, and the presence of characteristic amine and hydroxyl groups indicative of chitosan. SEM analysis revealed a porous surface morphology suitable for biomedical and environmental applications. Statistical analysis of the CCD model showed a significant correlation between the treatment parameters and chitosan yield, with high predictive accuracy (R² > 0.95). This study not only demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing marine crab shell waste as a valuable resource but also highlights the effectiveness of CCD in optimizing biopolymer extraction processes. The findings contribute to the advancement of green chemistry and waste valorization strategies, promoting the circular bioeconomy and environmental sustainability.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Adewuyi, A., & Awoyomi, O. A. (2023). Optimization of chitosan production from shrimp shell waste using response surface methodology. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 14, 987–1002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-022-01733-1.

Aranaz, I., Acosta, N., Civera, C., Elorza, B., Mijangos, C., & Heras, Á. (2021). Chitosan: An overview of its properties and applications. Polymers, 13(19), 3256. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13193256.

Arbia, W., Arbia, L., Adour, L., & Amrane, A. (2011). Chitin extraction from crustacean shells using biological methods - A review. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 51(1), 12–25.

Bas, D., & Boyaci, I. H. (2007). Modeling and optimization I: Usability of response surface methodology. Journal of Food Engineering, 78(3), 836–845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.11.024.

Bhattacharjee, S. (2016). DLS and Zeta Potential - What they are and what they are not? Journal of Controlled Release, 235, 337–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.06.017.

Danaei, M., Dehghankhold, M., Ataei, S., Hasanzadeh Davarani, F., Javanmard, R., Dokhani, A., Khorasani, S., & Mozafari, M. R. (2018). Impact of particle size and polydispersity index on the clinical applications of lipidic nanocarrier systems. Pharmaceutics, 10(2), 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics10020057.

Fagbohun, E. D., Fagbemi, T. N., & Olaniran, A. O. (2021). Optimization of chitosan extraction from prawn shell wastes using RSM. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 138(7), e50186. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.50186.

FAO. (2022). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2022: Towards blue transformation. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Goy, R. C., Britto, D., & Assis, O. B. G. (2021). A review of the antimicrobial activity of chitosan. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, 31(4), e2021034. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.2021034.

Isa, M. T., Ameh, A. O., Tijani, M. T., & Adama, A. K. (2012). Extraction and characterization of chitin from Nigerian sources. Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, 11(21), 73–81.

Islam, M. S., Masum, S. M., Rahman, M. M., Molla, M. A. I., Shaikh, A. A., & Roy, S. K. (2011). Preparation of chitosan from shrimp shell and investigation of its properties. International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 11(1), 116–130.

Islam, M. S., Masum, S. M., Rahman, M. M., Molla, M. A., & Shaikh, A. A. (2011). Preparation of chitosan from shrimp shell and investigation of its properties. International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 11(1), 116–130.

Jonassen, H., Kjøniksen, A.-L., & Hiorth, M. (2012). Stability of chitosan nanoparticles cross-linked with tripolyphosphate. Biomacromolecules, 13(11), 3747–3756. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm301239f.

Kaewprachu, P., & Jaisan, C. (2023). Physicochemical properties of chitosan from green mussel shells (Perna viridis): A comparative study. Polymers, 15(13), 2816. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15132816.

Khan, N., Sudhakar, K., & Mamat, R. (2025). Biodegradable plastics from marine biomass: A solution to marine plastic pollution. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 17, 100559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100559.

Kumar, A., Rani, A., & Singh, A. (2022). Extraction and characterization of chitosan from seafood waste for biomedical applications: A review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 207, 693–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.005.

Li, P., Wang, Y., Peng, Z., She, F., Kong, L., & Yu, H. (2014). Nanoparticle size characterization by dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy. Chinese Physics B, 23(8), 088701. https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/23/8/088701.

Li, Q., Dunn, E. T., Grandmaison, E. W., & Goosen, M. F. (2021). Applications and properties of chitosan. Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, 36(5), 295–309. https://doi.org/10.1177/08839115211019314.

Liu, Y., Zhao, Y., Shen, X., & Wang, Y. (2023). Recent advances in characterization of biopolymeric materials: Application to chitosan-based systems. Carbohydrate Polymers, 304, 120482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120482.

Mohan, D., Gunasekar, P., & Rajendran, S. (2020). Advances in the extraction and characterization of chitosan: A review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 150, 1245–1255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.041.

National Standardization Agency of Indonesia. (2013). Chitosan for food industry - Specification (SNI 7989:2013). BSN.

Prashanth, K. V. H., Kittur, F. S., & Tharanathan, R. N. (2002). Solid state structure of chitosan prepared under different N-deacetylation conditions. Carbohydrate Polymers, 50(1), 27–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8617(02)00030-0.

Puvvada, Y. S., Vankayalapati, S., & Sukhavasi, S. (2012). Extraction of chitin and chitosan from exoskeleton of shrimp for application in the pharmaceutical industry. International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, 1(9), 258–263. https://doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v1i9.11613.

Rinaudo, M. (2023). Recent advances on chitosan and its derivatives. Marine Drugs, 21(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/md21010045.

Shanmugapriya, R., Manikandan, A., & Saravanan, M. (2022). Optimization of chitosan production from squid pen waste using response surface methodology. Bioresources and Bioprocessing, 9, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-022-00449-9.

Sharma, R., Sharma, A., & Sahoo, D. (2023). Extraction, characterization and antimicrobial activity of chitosan from crustacean shells. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 140(10), e53578. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.53578.

Silverstein, R. M., Webster, F. X., Kiemle, D. J., & Bryce, D. L. (2014). Spectrometric identification of organic compounds (8th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

Soltanzadeh, M., Peighambardoust, S. H., Ghanbarzadeh, B., Mohammadi, M., & Lorenzo, J. M. (2021). Chitosan nanoparticles as a promising nanomaterial for encapsulation of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extract as a natural source of antioxidants. Nanomaterials, 11(6), 1439. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11061439.

Sumaila, A., Ndamitso, M. M., Iyaka, Y. A., Abdulkareem, A. S., Tijani, J. O., & Idris, M. O. (2020). Extraction and characterization of chitosan from crab shells: Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of arsenic and copper adsorption from electroplating wastewater. Iraqi Journal of Science, 61(9), 2156–2171. https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2020.61.9.2.

Sumaila, A., Sumaila, A. O., Abdullahi, A. S., Usman, A. O., & Ekwoba, L. (2022). Application of chitosan-silver nanocomposites for heavy metals removal: A review study. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 13(8), 869–883.

Sumaila, A., Sumaila, A. O., Usman, A. O., Abdullahi, A. S., & Abdullahi, Z. (2022). Thermal degradation and particle size distribution studies of activated carbon obtained from coconut shells. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 12(7), 739–746.

Suresh, P. V., & Anil Kumar, P. K. (2012). Chitin and chitosan from Fusarium spp.: Production, characterization and their applications. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 17(3), 522–531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-011-0501-4.

Szymańska, E., & Winnicka, K. (2015). Stability of chitosan-A challenge for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Marine Drugs, 13(4), 1819–1846. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13041819.

Viljoen, A., Koen, H., & Dicks, L. M. T. (2014). Effect of moisture content on the hydrolytic degradation of chitosan and its antibacterial activity. Carbohydrate Polymers, 3, 298–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.054.

Wang, Y., Liu, H., & Zhang, X. (2021). Extraction and characterization of chitosan from crab shells using central composite design optimization. Carbohydrate Polymers, 289, 119410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119410.

Yen, M. T., & Mau, J. L. (2007). Physicochemical characterization of fungal chitosan from shiitake stipes. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 40(2), 255–261.

Younes, I., & Rinaudo, M. (2015). Chitin and chitosan preparation from marine sources: Structure, properties and applications. Marine Drugs, 13(3), 1133–1174. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13031133.

Zhang, H., Neau, S. H., & Damodaran, S. (2012). Characterization of the crystalline structure of chitosan and its derivatives by XRD. Carbohydrate Polymers, 90(1), 7–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.04.064.